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1.
Rev. colomb. ciencias quim. farm ; 51(1)ene.-abr. 2022.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1535817

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY Introduction: The Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) could circumvent the inconveniences of oral administration, increasing treatment adhesion. Meanwhile, despite being highly widespread systems, there are discrepancies between the performance and quality control methodologies recommended by the leading regulatory agencies, which is an issue for the pharmaceutical industry. Aim: To identify and to compare the requirements for TDDS regulatory approval by important agencies, focusing on the in vitro release and drug permeation studies, which are crucial tests for the evaluation of safety, efficacy, and performance of these systems. Methods: The documents that regulate the scope of TDDS in FDA, EMA and Anvisa were analyze, as well as the contributions of OECD. In addition, an approaching regarding the pharmacopeial requirements was made regarding USA, Europe, and Brazil. Results and conclusion: Concerning the regulatory approval aspects, the FDA is reviewing its documents because the current guidance is not specific to transdermal systems. On the other hand, the EMA presents a unique guideline that includes specific requirements for TDDS. The USA and the European Pharmacopoeias have specific mentions to performance and quality control of TDDS, while the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia does not mention this dosage form. Recently, Anvisa published a guide, which helps Brazilian manufacturers concerning the tests required for the regulatory approval of a new TDDS. The launch of this standardized national statute associated with the use of a validated in vitro release and permeation tests represents a remarkable breakthrough regarding TDDS.


Introducción: los sistemas de administración de fármacos transdérmicos (TDDS) podrían sortear los inconvenientes de la administración por vía oral, aumentando la adherencia al tratamiento. Mientras tanto, a pesar de ser sistemas muy extendidos, existen discrepancias entre las metodologías de desempeño y control de calidad recomendadas por las principales agencias reguladoras, lo cual es un problema para la industria farmacéutica. Objetivo: identificar y comparar los requisitos para la aprobación regulatoria de TDDS por parte de las principales agencias reguladoras, enfocándose en los estudios de liberación in vitro y premiación de fármacos. Métodos: se analizaron los documentos que regulan el alcance de la TDDS en la FDA, EMA y Anvisa, así como los aportes de la OCDE. Además, se realizó un planteamiento sobre los requisitos de las farmacopeas de los Estados Unidos, Europa y Brasil. Resultados y conclusión: la FDA está revisando los aspectos de aprobación regulatoria porque la guía actual no es específica para los sistemas transdérmicos. Por otro lado, la EMA presenta una guía única que incluye requisitos específicos para TDDS. Las farmacopeas de los Estados Unidos e Europa tienen menciones específicas al rendimiento y control de calidad de TDDS, mientras que la Farmacopea brasileña no menciona esta forma de dosificación. Recientemente, Anvisa publicó una guía que ayuda a los fabricantes brasileños en cuanto a las pruebas requeridas para la aprobación regulatoria de un nuevo TDDS. El lanzamiento de este estatuto nacional estandarizado asociado con el uso de pruebas validadas de liberación y premiación in vitro representa un avance notable con respecto a TDDS.


Introdução: os sistemas de liberação transdérmica (SLT) são capazes de contornar as desvantagens da administração oral de medicamentos, aumentando a adesão ao tratamento. Entretanto, apesar de serem sistemas difundidos, existem discrepâncias entre as metodologias de desempenho e controle de qualidade recomendadas pelas agências regulatórias, dificultando o desenvolvimento destes pela indústria farmacêutica. Objetivo: identificar e comparar os requisitos para aprovação regulatória de SLT por importantes agências regulatórias, com foco nos estudos de liberação e permeação de fármacos in vitro, testes fundamentais para avaliação da segurança, eficácia e desempenho desses sistemas. Métodos: foram analisados os documentos que regulam o escopo dos SLT publicados pela FDA, EMA e Anvisa e as contribuições da OCDE. Além disso, foi realizada a abordagem sobre os requisitos farmacopeicos nos Estados Unidos, Europa e Brasil. Resultados e conclusão: FDA está revisando os aspectos de aprovação regulatória, pois os documentos atuais não são específicos para os SLT. Em contraponto, a EMA apresenta uma diretriz única que inclui requisitos específicos para estes sistemas. Em relação às farmacopeias, enquanto EUA e Europa apresentam recomendações específicas para desempenho e controle de qualidade dos SLT, a Farmacopeia brasileira não menciona esta forma farmacêutica. Recentemente, a Anvisa publicou um guia com os testes necessários para o registro destes sistemas. O lançamento de tal publicação, associado a ensaios devidamente validados representam um avanço notável no escopo regulatório dos SLT.

2.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 58: e18800, 2022. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1364431

ABSTRACT

Abstract Efavirenz is one of the most commonly used drugs in HIV therapy. However the low water solubility tends to result in low bioavailability. Drug nanocrystals, should enhance the dissolution and consequently bioavailability. The aim of the present study was to obtain EFV nanocrystals prepared by an antisolvent technique and to further observe possible effect, on the resulting material, due to altering crystallization parameters. A solution containing EFV and a suitable solvent was added to an aqueous solution of particle stabilizers, under high shear agitation. Experimental conditions such as solvent/antisolvent ratio; drug load; solvent supersaturation; change of stabilizer; addition of milling step and solvents of different polarities were evaluated. Suspensions were characterized by particle size and zeta potential. After freeze- dried and the resulting powder was characterized by PXRD, infrared spectroscopy and SEM. Also dissolution profiles were obtained. Many alterations were not effective for enhancing EFV dissolution; some changes did not even produced nanosuspensions while other generated a different solid phase from the polymorph of raw material. Nevertheless reducing EFV load produced enhancement on dissolution profile. The most important modification was adding a milling step after precipitation. The resulting suspension was more uniform and the powder presented grater enhancement of dissolution efficacy.


Subject(s)
Efficacy/classification , HIV/pathogenicity , Crystallization/instrumentation , Dissolution/methods , Particle Size , Solubility , Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage , Excipients/pharmacology , Dissolution/classification , Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , Methods
3.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 58: e19759, 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1383977

ABSTRACT

Abstract Dissolution is a key step in the uptake of oral drugs. In order to compare the behaviour of the dissolution of two formulations, the dissolution profile test was used. This assay must be discriminative and should mimic in vivo conditions. Many dissolution media described in pharmacopoeias are not predictive of bioavailability. Due to this, biorelevant media are used as an alternative to solve this problem. The objective of this work is to evaluate the relevance of biorelevant dissolution media to predict in vivo drug dissolution. For this, a bibliographic search was carried out in scientific databases. The search was first performed for articles verifying the physicochemical properties of human gastrointestinal fluids. Subsequently, a comparison was made between the properties of gastrointestinal fluids and those of biorelevant and pharmacopoeial media. Finally, the results of bioequivalence studies and dissolution profile tests in biorelevant media described in the literature were compared. The results revealed that there are a few publications that have analysed some physicochemical properties of gastrointestinal fluids. In addition, high variability was observed for some properties. Regarding the comparison of these properties with pharmacopoeial media and biorelevant media, the analysis showed that the biorelevant media are more similar to gastrointestinal fluids than the pharmacopoeial media. Finally, the in vitro dissolution profile results were similar to the results obtained in vivo. Thus, biorelevant media may be useful for analysing dissolution profiles.


Subject(s)
Therapeutic Equivalency , Dissolution , Drug Liberation , Publications/classification , In Vitro Techniques/instrumentation , Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis
4.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 53(4): e00088, 2017. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889424

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Solid dosage forms for oral use, particularly tablets, are the most highly used dosage forms in therapy because they are easily administered, have high productivity and relatively low cost and provide a more stable drug to form a semi-solid net. Numerous parameters influence the quality of the final dosage form. In this study, the dissolution profile of 20-mg prednisone tablets bioequivalent to the reference product and three test formulations were evaluated using stability testing. During the study, prednisone tablets and the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) prednisone from two different manufacturers were characterized with respect to their physical and physicochemical properties. The results showed that the dissolution profiles of the test batches and the reference product did not retain pharmaceutical equivalence throughout all the stability study. Notably, both samples of API prednisone were of the same crystal form, and any phase transition that occurred during the study could not be attributed to dissolution variation during stability.


Subject(s)
Prednisone/administration & dosage , Drug Stability , Dissolution/analysis , Pharmaceutical Preparations/standards , Chemical Phenomena , Dosage
5.
HU rev ; 40(1/2): 89-97, jan.-jun. 2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1859

ABSTRACT

O polimorfismo é um fenômeno de grande importância no desenvolvimento de um medicamento. Os polimorfos de um fármaco podem apresentar propriedades físico-químicas diferentes. A pesquisa de polimorfos envolve a realização de experimentos e a caracterização por diferentes técnicas. Neste trabalho, o mebendazol foi escolhido para o estudo de polimorfos. Assim, experimentos de cristalização foram realizados. As amostras foram caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas. Três polimorfos foram obtidos. Os resultados evidenciaram características morfológicas e físico-químicas que permitiram diferenciar as formas cristalinas do mebendazol. Por fim, dez medicamentos comerciais foram avaliados por difração de raios X. Verificou-se a presença, em alguns casos, da forma A, ineficaz, do mebendazol. Este trabalho demonstra que variando-se as condições experimentais é possível obter polimorfos diferentes do mebendazol, inclusive a forma A, não desejada nas formulações. Os métodos analíticos utilizados possibilitam a diferenciação dos polimorfos do mebendazol.


Subject(s)
Pharmaceutical Preparations , Mebendazole , Crystallization , Mebendazole/chemistry
6.
Hig. aliment ; 16(96): 43-50, maio 2002. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-319637

ABSTRACT

A magnitude do problema da cárie dental no Brasil demanda, sem dúvida, ampla utilização de medidas preventivas de alcance coletivo, dentre as quais o processo de adição de fluoreto em águas tratadas ocupa espaço privilegiado. Este processo em diversas localidades "oficialmente fluoretadas" vem sendo, entretanto, marcado pela descontinuidade e/ou interrupção, situações nas quais ocorre evidente prejuízo à saúde bucal da população. Então, devido à grande importância do fluoreto no controle da cárie dentária e manutenção da saúde bucal, avaliou-se através do método de SPADNS indicado pela American Public Health Association (APHA), para a determinação de fluoreto na água fornecida pela CESAMA (Companhia de Saneamento e Pesquisa do Meio Ambiente de Juiz de Fora) , em bairros residenciais de população de baixa renda de Juiz de Fora, tendo como ponto de coleta referencial as creches comunitárias. Apesar da melhora nos níveis de fluoreto na água fornecida a população, quando se compara esta pesquisa com os níveis obtidos na pesquisa realizada por BANDINI et al., 1999, o trabalho permite concluir que existe uma necessidade de um acompanhamento nos níveis de fluoreto como obter-se uma distribuição mais regular, com valores mais próximos do valor ideal.


Subject(s)
Public Water Consumption , Water Purification
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